Yes. Microsoft Loop is used at loop.microsoft.com in a browser, and the Windows version is a wrapper around that same website, so nothing real is lost by switching.
Microsoft Loop by Microsoft · Notes & PDFs · Works in a browser
Microsoft's own getting-started guide points you at loop.microsoft.com and says you sign in with a personal
Microsoft account or a work or school account. That is how Loop is used on a computer, whatever the computer
is running.
There is a Loop entry in the Windows app store, but it opens the same web app in its own window rather than
doing anything a browser cannot. You can get the same effect on Linux by using Chrome or Edge to turn the
site into a shortcut that opens without an address bar.
Everything is stored in your Microsoft account, so there is nothing to export. Workspaces, pages and Loop
components all appear when you sign in. Components embedded in Outlook or Teams keep working, and both of
those are usable on Linux in a browser.
The thing to check is what your workplace allows. Loop is often restricted by an organisation's settings
rather than by the operating system, and that restriction follows you to Linux unchanged.