Partly. There is no Whiteboard app for Linux, but Microsoft supports Whiteboard in the browser on Edge, Chrome and Firefox, and all three of those run on Linux.
Microsoft Whiteboard by Microsoft · Office & documents · Works in a browser
Microsoft's own device list for Whiteboard covers Windows, iOS, Surface Hub and the web. Linux is not on it
and there is no installer to look for.
The browser version is the way in. Microsoft says Whiteboard for the web works in an up to date version of
Edge, Chrome, Firefox or Safari, and the first three all have Linux builds. Sign in with the same account and
your existing boards are there. Whiteboard inside a Teams meeting also runs in the browser, which is how most
people meet it anyway.
What you lose is the pen feel. The installed Windows app is built around drawing on a touchscreen or with a
pen, and a browser tab driven by a mouse is a poorer version of that. On a graphics tablet expect rough
shapes to work better than neat handwriting.
No Linux app opens a Whiteboard board, because the boards live in Microsoft's cloud rather than as files on
your disk. If you plan to leave Microsoft altogether, export the boards you care about as images while the
Windows machine still works.